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ADDRESS OF SENATOR EDWARD W. BROOKE
COMMENCEMENT, SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY
JUNE 15, 1969
uA CONTEXT FOR CHANGE"
I AM VERY PLEASED TO BE WITH YOU TODAY.
SUFFOLK'S COMMENCEMENT COMES
LATE THIS YEAR AND, IF MY CALCULATION IS CORRECT, I NOW HAVE 2,229 OTHER ADDRESSES
FROM WHICH TO SELECT A MESSAGE FOR TODAY.
PERHAPS IT HAS ALL BEEN SAID BY NOW, AND
I SHOULD JUST REFER YOU TO A FEW PRINTED EXCERPTS, WITH PROPER USE OF "!BIDS" AND
"OP CITS. 11 BUT YOUR INVITATION ·IS TOO GP.AClOUS, AND MY SPEECHMAKING INSTINCTS MUCH
TOO STRONG, FOR ME TO ADOPT SO CONVENIENT A COURSE.
HOWEVER, MANY OF THOSE ADDRESSES HAVE A CENTRAL THEME IN COMMON, AND
ONE WHICH WE ALL DO WELL TO REPEAT.
YOU WHO GRADUATE TODAY ARE CUSTODIANS OF A
VITAL TRADITION,. A TRADITION ESSENTIAL TO THE WELL~BEING OF THIS OR ANY OTHER NATION
DEDICATED TO SELF-GOVERNMENT.
THE BENEFICIARIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION HAVE A SPECIAL
RESPONSIBILITY TO FOCUS THEIR INTELL!GENCE, THEIR CRITICAL SKILLS, THEIR LEARNING
AND THEIR MORAL INSIGHT ON THE GllAVE CHALLENGES BEFORE US.
THAT IS THE MANDATE YOU
CARRY AND THE OPPORTUNITY YOU CONFRONT.
TO COMMENCE IN 1969 IS TO BEGIN YOUR CAREERS AT A MOMENT OF UNPRECEDENTED UNCERTAINTY IN OUR NATIONAL LIFE.
THE BOUYANCY AND HOPE WHICH SHOULD MARK
THIS OCCASION OFFER STARK CONTRAST TO THE TENSION AND DEPRESSION WHICH ENVELOP OUR
NATION.
THE SPIRIT OF REASON AUD HUMANITY WHICH ANIMATES A GREAT UNIVERSITY, THE
SPIRIT WHICH HAS INSPIRED THE FORWARD MOVE?-IENT OF CIVILIZATION ITSELF, IS CLOUDED BY
THE BRUTALITY AND INHUHANITY WHICH BLIGHT THE EARTH.
AS WE CONTEMPLATE AMERICA'S CRUEL DILEMMAS, IT IS EASY TO BE DISILL~~
SIONED.
INDEED, IT IS EVEN FASHIONABLE.
IN OUR TIME, AS IN ALL THE AGES PAST, THE~
ABOUND THE CYNICS AND PESSIMISTS WHO DENOUNCE THE BROTHERHOOD OF-THE HOPEFUL AS FOOL:ISH, WHO DERIDE THE FRATERNITY OF THE ACTIVE AS FUTILE.
DO NOT CONSTITUTE REALISM.
BUT CYNICISM AND PESSIMISM
I HOPE AND I TRUST THAT YOU AND YOUR PEERS WILL HAVE THE
WISDOM TO DISCERN THE DIFFERENCE.
TO BE SURE THERE ARE PLAUSIBLE GROUNDS FOR THE GLOOMY VIEWS OF THE WORLD
WHICH YOUR GENERATION WILL INHERIT AND WHICH IT IS -CALLED TO TRANSFORM.
HOME AND WARS ABROAD ARE NOT A LIKELY BASIS FOR OPTIMISM.
RIOTS AT
POVERTY IN EVERY CONTINENT,
INJUSTICE IN EVERY NATION, SOCIAL DISCORD IN EVERY STATE, THESE ARE GRIM OMENS.
MUST BE FACED AND THEY MUST BE 'RELIEVED.
THEY
�-2-
YET THOSE WHO SEE ONLY THESE FEATURES OF THE TERRAIN AR£ AS MISTAKEN AS
THOSE WHO WALLOW IN A SEA OF PERSONAL EUPHORIA.
BOTH GROUPS ARE EQUALLY DESERVING
OF SIR FRANCIS BACON'S TRENCHANT COMMENT:
TIIBY ARE ILL DISCOVERERS
THAT THINK THERE IS NO LAND,
WHEN THEY SEE NOTHING BUT SEA.
I AM CONVINCED THAT THE DRASTIC CHANGES WHICH HAVE SHAKEN THE SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL ORDERS OF THIS PLANET DURING THE FIRST TWO THIRDS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
CAN PORTEND A GOLDEl-:J AGE FOR MANKIND.
YOU AND YOUR CHILDREN CAN INAUGURATE THAT ERA.
IT IS NOT ONLY THAT THE HUMAN RACt HAS ACQUIRED A GROWING MASTERY OF THE MATERIAL
UNIVERSE, A MASfERY WHICH CAN ENABLE ALL MEN TO HAVE THE MATERIAL NECESSITIES OF
LIFE.
WHILE MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE BY NO MEANS UNMITIGATED BLESSINGS,
THEY DO PERMIT US TO FACE THE FUTURE WITH THE REASONABLE EXPECTATION THAT WE CAN,
WITH PRUDENT MANAG~mNT, MEET THE PHYSICAL NEEDS OF ALL THOSE ON EARTH.
M_9REOVER,
THEY HOLD SOME PROMISE OF CORRECTING THE UNWANTED BYPRODUCTS WlitCH THEY THEMSELVES
GENERATE.
THUS, IT IS THROUGH RESEARCH THAT WE HAVE THE GREATEST HOPE FOR CONTROL-:-:
LING THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WHICH HAS ARISEN FROM APPLICATtON OF MODERN TECH~
NOLOGY; IT IS THROUGH RESEARCH THAT WE MAY HOPE TO FIND CURES FOR THE PHYSICAL AND
MENTAL TRAUMAS WHICH ARISE FROM THE STRESSES OF MODERN SOCIETY; IT IS THROUGH RESEARCH THAT WE MAY EVEN BE ABLE TO FIND SOME OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST
THE ACTUAL USE OF THE DESTRUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY WHICH DEFINES THE NUCLEAR AGE.
YET IT IS NOT THE PHYSICAL PROSPECTS RAISED BY CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE
WHICH LEAD ME TO BET ON THE FUTURE.
--TO BET ON YOU.
I BELIEVE THAT THE-TRULY EN-
COURAGING TRENDS FOR THE INHABITANTS OF SPACESHIP EARTH ARE SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IN NATURE.
THE TRENDS TO WHICH I REFER ARE RUNNING MOST STRONGLY IN THIS
COUNTRY AND THEY ARE EPITOMIZED BY MEMBERS OF YOUR GENERATION.
THESE TRENDS ARE
COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE BRIEFLY, BUT I WOULD SUGGEST THAT THEIR PRINCIPAL
EFFECT IS TO INCREASE OUR COLLECTIVE CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO SOCIAL CHANGE.
AMONG THE YOUNG ELITE OF AMERICA, THOSE WHO WILL BEAR THE MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY FOR GUIDING THIS NATION THROUGH THE TURBULENCE WHICH LIES AHEAD, COMPLACENCY IS GIVING WAY TO CONCERN, APATHY TO INVOLVEMENT, SELF-SACRIFICE.
WHILE YOU
HAVE BEEN GROWING UP, A VAST SHIFT IN SOCIAL ATTITUDES HAS BEEN UNDERWAY IN THIS
COUNTRY.
WE ARE BECOMING, IN MY CONSIDERED JUDGMENT, A FUTURE-ORIENTED SOCIETY, A
NATION ACUTELY AWARE OF THE PAST FAILURES AND PRESENT DEFECTS AND DETERMINED TO ALLEVIATE THEM IN THE YEARS AHEAD.
�-3-
WHEN COMPARED WlTH THE UNCERTAINTY AND ANXIETY WHlCH Al.WAYS ACCOMPANY
SIGNIFICANT CHANGE, ''THE GOOD OLD DAYS AND THE GOOD OLD WAYS" HAVE -POWERFUL APPEAL.
BUT
IF ONE SUCCUMBS UNCRITICALLY TO THAT APPEAL, THE PRACTICAL RESULT IS TO GLOSS
OVER THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE EXISTING SOCIAL ORDER AND TO DENY THE POSSIBILITY OF
IMPROVING IT.
ONE IS DRAWN TO RESIST CHANGE ON THE GENERAL ASSUMPTION THAT IT MAY
NOT BE HELPFUL, RATHER THAN TO ACCEPT OR DISCOURAGE' CHANGE ACCORDING TO A PRAGMATIC
APPRAISAL OF !TS PROBABLE EFFECTS IN COMPARISON WITH THE STATUS QUO.
AMERICANS HAVE BEEN LESS CONSTRAINED BY TRADITION THAN OTHER PEOPLES,
BUT I BELIEVE THAT THE ATTITUDES NOW COMING TO PREVAIL IN OUR SOCIETY ARE FAR MORE
RECEPTIVE TO CHANGE THAN THOSE WHICH DOMINATED IN PAST DECADES.
FURTHERMORE, THERE
IS DEVELOPING A HEIGHTENED AWARENESS OF THE INEQUITIES WHICH STILL PLAGUE OUR SOCIETY AND A STRONGER DETER11INATION TO MAKE THE CHANGES NECESSARY TO DEAL WITH THEM.
I
BELIEVE THAT THE OUTCOME WILL BE A MORE RESPONSIVE AND A MORE RESPONSIBLE COMMUNITY.
THIS PSYCHOLOGICAL REVOLUTION HAS ITS PARALLELS IN OTHER COUNTRIES,
BOTH IN THE WEST AND IN THE EAST.
IT IS OF THE UTMCST CONSEQUENCE TO US ALL THAT THE
SOVIET UNION, AS THE OTHER POWER WITH PRIMARY INFLUENCE ON THE QUESTIONS OF WAR AND
PEACE, HAS SHOWN THAT IT TOO IS ADAPTABLE TO THE REALITIES OF OUR TIME.
UNTIL
FORMER PREMIER KHRUSHCHEV REPUDIATED THE LENtNIST DOCTRINE OF THE INEVITABILITY OF
WAR BETWEEN CAPITALIST AND COMMUNIST STATES, THE RISK OF A THERMONUCLEAR ARMAGEDDON
WAS REAL AND INCREASING.
THAT RISK HAS NOT DISAPPEARED -- FAR FROM IT -- BUT THE
SHIFT IN SOVIET ATTITUDES HAS MADE POSSIBLE A NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTIVE INNOVATIOMS IN
THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEl-1.
THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT THAT THE REALIZATION THAT NUCLEAR WAR WOULD BE
~UALLY SUICIDAL HAS CONTRIBU'IED SIGNIFICANTLY TO THE POSSIBILITIES OF PEACEFUL AC
COMMODATION BETWEEN MOSCOW AND WASHINGTON.
ONE MAY HOPE THAT A SIMILAR MATURITY WILL
EMERGE IN CHINA, AS THE CHINESE BECOME MORE FAMILIAR WITH THE AWESOME INPLICATIONS
OF THE NUCLEAR FORCES THEY ARE DEVELOPING.
PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT RESULT OF THE ALTERED PSYCHOLOGY OF SOVIETAMERICAN RELATIONS HAS BEEN THE RESTRAINT SHOWN BY BOTH COUNTRIES DURING THE STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM.
HOWEVER BRUTAL AND PAINFUL THE WAR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA HAS BEEN, THE
SEEDS OF GLOBAL STRIFE WHICH IT CONTAINS HAVE NOT BEEN ALLOWED TO SPROUT.
REJOICE AT WHAT HAS HAPPENED
TAINLY CAUSE FOR PRAYERFUL GRATITUDE.
NO ONE CAN
IN VIETNAM, BUT WHAT HAS NOT HAPPENED IS CER_:THE PRUDENCE EXHIBITED BY THE UNITED STATES
AND THE SOVIET UNION CAN PROVILE US TIME TO IDENTIFY AND DEVELOP OUR MUTUAL INTER:
ESTS, AND IN THOSE MUTUAL INTERESTS LIES THE WORLD"S BEST CHANCE FOR LONG-_TERM SECURITY AND PROSPERITY.
�-4I MUST TELL YOU OF MY DEEP APPREHENSION THAT THIS DAWNING PERCEPTION OF
OUR MUTUAL INTERESTS IS THREATENED BY THE MOST MENACING TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
IN SOME YEARS.
TEGIC ARMS RACE.
WE AND THE SOVIETS ARE ON THE VERGE OF AN OMINOUS ROUND IN THE STRAUNLESS WE CAN TOGETHER MUSTER THE POLITICAL WISDOM TO SUCCEED IN
THE IMPENDING ABMS CONTROL NEGOTIATIONS, A WHOLE NEW GENERATION OF WEAPONS WILL SOON
BE UPON US, THREATENING THE STABILITY OF THE NUCLEAR BALANCE AND THE STRENGm OF THE
PEACE.
THE CENTRAL PROBLEM IN THIS REGARD IS THE EMERGENCE OF THE SO-CALLED
MIRV SYSTEMS WHICH BOTH THE SOVIET UNION AND THE tmITED STATES ARE P!JRSUING.
THESE
SYSTEMS WOUU> RAPIDLY MULTIPLY THE NUMBER OF WARHEADS WHICH EACH SIDE'S ROCKETS COUL~
DELIVER.
IF THEY ARE IN FACT'DEPLOYED THEY WOULD INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF BOTH
SIDES TO ATTACK THE OTHER SIDE'S RETALIATORY FORCES.
IN PERIODS OF EXTREME CRISIS
THERE COULD BE HEIGHTENED DANGERS OF PRE-EMPTIVE ATTACK. AS EACH SIDE HAS TO WORRY
THAT IF IT DOES NOT STRIKE FIRST THE OTHER MAY DO SO.
THIS SITUATION IS NO RECIPE
FOR SECURITY, AND COMPARED TO IT, THE QUESTIONS RAISED CONCERNING ABM SYSTEMS PALE.
I STRONGLY FEEL THAT WE NEED TO INITIATE NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE SOVIET
UNION AT THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT, TO SEE IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO FOREGO SUCH DESTABILIZING WEAPONS ON BOTH SIDES.
A NUMBBR OF MY COLLEAGUES HAVE JOINED ME IN
URGING THAT, IN THE MEANTIME, BOTH SIDES SUSPEND FURTHER FLIGHT TESTS OF MIRV SYSTEMS.
AT THE SAME TIME I HAVE PROPOSED AND HOPE THE SENATE WILL ADOPT A PLAN TO AVOID COMMITTING THE UNITED STATES TO DEPLOYMENT OF AN ABM WEAPONS SYSTEM AT THIS TilfE' WHILE
PERMITTING EXTENSIVE TESTS AND EVALUATION OF THE RADARS, COMPUTERS, AND ASSOCIATED
ELECTRONICS FOR SUCH A SYSTEM.
SUCH RESTRAINT ON OUR PART, WOULD I BELIEVE, CONTRIBUTE SUCCESS OF THE
PLANNED NEGOTIATIONS.
IT WOULD BUY A LITTLE TD-fE IN WHICH TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE AR-
RANGEMENTS WITH THE SOVIET UNION FOR PREVENTING THE WASTEFUL AND~SINISTER COMPETITION
IN ARMS IN WHICH WE HAVE BEEN LOCKED FOR SO MANY YEARS.
ONLY BY DEVISING SUCH ARRANGEMENTS CAN WE AND THE SOVIETS HOPE TO STEM
THE FLOW OF NATIONAL RESOURCES INTO UNPRODUCTIVE MILITARY INVESTMENTS.
ONLY BY STEM-
MING THAT FLOW WILL WE BE ABLE TO CONCENTRATE OUR ENERGIES AND INVESTMENTS ON THE
PRESSING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC NEEDS WHICH AFFLICT BOTH COUNTRIES.
WE MUST NOT ALLOW
THIS OPPORTUNITY TO SLIP THROUGH OUR FINGERS.
A DIFFERENT KIND OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT HAS EVOLVED ON THE
DOMESTIC SCENE.
HERE AT
nmm
THE DISPOSITION HAS BECOME NOT ONE OF CAUTION AND RE-
STRAINT, BUT OF RAPID AND ENERGETIC ACTION TO PROMOTE SOCIAL CHANGE.
ATTITUDE HAS COME INCREASINGLY TO THE FORE IN THE LAST DECADE.
THE NEEDS OF THE NATION.
THIS ACTIVIST
IT IS WELL-MATCHED TO
THE NEW ACTIVISM HAS BEGUN TO ZERO IN ON THE CRITICAL RE-
QUIREMENTS OF MODERN AMERICA, ON THE PRESSING NEED TO IMPROVE LIFE IN OUR URBAN
�-sCENTERS, TO RELEIVF THE LINGERING INJUSTICE FROM WHICH TOO MANY SUFFER, TO PROVIDE
A DECENT STANDARD OF LIVING FOR ALL CITIZENS.
THE UPWELLING OF SOCIAL CONCERN IS CREATING A NEW ETHIC FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
IF I JUDGE THE MATTER CORRECTLY, THE NEW ETHIC WILL RETAIN THE TRADI-
TIONAL AMERICAN REVERENCE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY BUT IT WILL TEMPER THE
HARSHEST OVERTONES OF OUR PURITAN HERITAGE.
THAT HERITAGE HAS TENDED TO SEE INDIVI-
DUAL FAILURE IN THE ECONOMIC SPHERE AS A REFLECTION OF PERSONAL CORRUPTION AND HAS
TENDED TO DISCOURAGE COMMUNITY ACTION TO ASSIST THE DISADVANTAGED MIDIBERS OF SOCIETY.
MR. DOOLEY ONCE OBSERVED THAT THE PURITANS HAD CELEBRATED THANKSGIVING
TO GIVE THANKS FOR BEING PRESERVED FROM THE INDIANS AND THAT WE CELEBRATE IT TO GIVE
THANKS FOR BEING PRESERVED FROM THE PURITANS.
HIS CONCLUSION THAT WE HAVE BEEN SO
PRESERVED WAS PREMATURE, FOR WE HAVE NEVER FULLY SHAKEN THE PURITAN SUSPICION THAT
AN INDIVIDUAL WHO COULD NOT PROVIDE FOR Hil1SELF WAS NOT QUITE WORTH BEING PROVIDED
FOR.
WE ARE BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE OPERATION OF A Cm.1PLEX ECONOMY
OFTEN WREAKS HAVOC ON THE FORTUNES OF INDIVIDUALS.
THROUGH NO FAULT OF THEIIl OWN,
SOME PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME SELF-SUPPORTING, MUCH LESS TO 1fAKE A
FULL CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY.
WE ARE BEGINNING TO PERCEIVE THE REALITY OF POVERTY IN AMERICA. A REALITY COMPOUNDED OF INADEQUARE EDUCATION, ~YNEMPLOYMENT, MISERABLE HOUSING, AND MALNUTltITION.
RECOGNITION OF THESE FACTS HAS BROUGHT INCREASING NUMBERS OF AMERICANS
TO SUPPORT THE PRINCIPLE THAT SOCIETY HAS AN OBLIGATION TO ITS LESS FORTUNATE MEMBERS.
AS THIS PRINCIPLE WINS WIDER ACCEPTANCE, AND AS AMERICA'S ABUNDANT RESOURCES
MAKE POSSIBLE A LARGER INVESTMENT IN PROGRAMS TO ATTACK THE ROOT CAUSES OF POVERTY,
THE POSSIBILITIES FOR EFFECTIVE SOCIAL REFORM RISE PROPORTIONATELY.
CLEAR, WORKABLE
SOLUTIONS TO THESE PERENNIAL PROBLEMS ARE NOT YET IN HAND, BUT MANY OF THE CENTRAL
DIFFICULTIES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND PROMISING APPROACHES ARE BEING EXPLORED.
THE EMERGENCE OF THIS NEW PERSPECTIVE ON POVERTY IS A WATERSHED IN OUR
HISTORY, BUT NO ONE CAN STATE WITH CONFIDENCE EXACTLY WHAT WILL BE REQUIRED OF US,
OR OVER HOW LONG A PERIOD OF TIME, TO SUCCOR THE DISTRESS WE NOW PERCEIVE.
THAT IS
WHY THE ACTIVIST BENT OF YOU AND YOUR GENERATION IS SO ESSENTIAL TO OUR COUNTRY.
THE
TASK OF DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING A SOUND STRATEGY TO COPE WITH THESE MOMENTOUS PROBLEMS IS BOUND TO TAKE OUR BEST EFFORTS FOR MANY YEARS.
THE NATION DESPERATELY NEEDS
A SPECIAL BREED OF TOUGHMINDED IDEALISTS, MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE PREPARED TO ENTER THE
LONG CAMPAIGN WHICH LIES AHEAD.
�-6FRESH TROOPS ARE NE.EDED IN ALL THE FIELDS OF SOCIAL SERVICE.
WE WILL
HAVE TO FIND DEDICATED AND INSPIRED TEACHERS TO UNDERTAKE THE DIFFICULT BURDENS OF
INSTRUCTION IN THE GHETTO SCHOOLS.
TO CONTROL THE SELF-DISRUPTIVE TENDENCIES OF
MANY OF OUR DISADVANTAGED FAMitIES, COMPETENT AND CREDIBLE SOCIAL WORKERS WILL BE
NEEDED.
TO HELP MAP THE WAY OUT OF THE CLUSTER OF DILEMMAS WHICH FRUSTRATE MILLIONS
IN OUR CENTER CITIES,
HISTORY.
WE
MUST TRAIN AND EMPLOY THE MOST CAPABLE URBAN PLANNERS IH
IN ALL THESE FIELDS AND OTHERS, THE CHALLENGES OF THE COMING DECADES WILL
DEMAND A TOTAL COMMITMENT 'FROM THOSE BRAVE ENOUGH TO ACCEPT THEM.
BUT A CONSTRUCTIVE ATTACK ON THESE CRUCIAL SOCIAL ILLS WILL REQUIRE MORE
THAN INDIVIDUAL COMMITME?-ITS TO SPECIALIZED PURSUITS, HOWEVER WORTHY THOSE PURSUITS
MAY BE.
EACH AMERICAN WILL HAVE TO GUIDE HIS SERVICE BY CONSTANT REFERENCE TO THE
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A FREE SOCIETY.
WE MUST HAVE, AS WALTER LIPPMAN SO ELOQUENT-
LY ARGUED A DECADE AGO, A REVIVAL OF APPRECIATION FOR A PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY IN THIS
COUNTRY, A RENEWED RESPECT FOR THE PUBLIC INTEREST.
IT WILL NOT SUFFICE, IN A NATION
WHOSE CITIZENS HAVE DEVELOPED A HITHERTO UNKNOWN INTERDEPENDENCE, FOR EACH MAN TO
PURSUE HIS Ot~~ DESIRES WITHOUT REGARD TO THE RIGHTS AND NEEDS OF OTHERS.
TO FUNCTION AS A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY AMERICA WILL IIAVE TO DEVISE NEW
MODES tOR THE VOLUNTARY COORDINATION OF THE MANIFOLD ACTIVITIES WHICH ENGAGE THE
ENERGIES OF HER PEOPLE.
THIS WILL BE THE SUPREME T)J:ST OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT,
BUT IT WILL ALSO BE THE ULTilfATE CHALLENGE TO ALL THE INSTITUTIONS WHICH COMPRISE
THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
BUSINESS, LABOR, CHURCHES, UNIVERSITIES, FAMILIES, AND INDIVI-
PUALS IN EVERY SPHERE OF OUR NATIONAL LIFE MUST LEARN TO ACT IN FULL CONSCIOUSNESS
OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR ACTIONS FOR OTHERS IN THE COMMUNITY.
TO STATE THIS IS TO STATE THE OBVIOUS PREREQUISITE OF LIFE IN A MODERN
NATION.
OUR POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION HAS GROWN SO COMPLEX THAT
~ACH OF US SURVIVES QUITE LITERALLY AT THE MERCY OF DOZENS OF OTHERS.
BY THE SAME
TOKEN EACH OF US HAS COME TO HOLD A KIND OF VETO POWER OVER THE HAPPINESS AND WELLBEING OF MANY OF OUR FELLOW CITIZENS. ALL OF US ARE DRIVING DOWN A CROWDED HIGHWAY,
AND THE FATE OF EVERY PASSENGER IS LINKED TO TlIB BEHAVIOR OF EVERY OTHER.
WE MUST
SURELY LEARN TO GUIDE OURSELVES, FOR THERE IS NO INVISIBLE HAND TO DO THE JOB FOR US.
THE ODDS ARE GOOD THAT MOST OF YOU WILL BE HERE TO GREET THE NEXT CENTURY.
BETWEEN NOW AND THE YEAR 2000, AMERICA AND THE OTHER NATIONS OF THE WORLD WILL
UNDERGO THE MOST STUPENDOUS CHANGES IN ALL THEIR HISTORY.
CAN TELL YOURS HOW TO GRAPPLE WITH THE FUTURE.
NO ONE FROM MY GENERATION
PERSONAL FULFILLMENT DOES NOT COME
OUT OF A DO-IT-YOURSELF KIT, ANY MORE THAN SOCIAL PROGRESS PiOCEEDS FROM A PAT FORMULA SET DOWN BY THE ELDERS OF THE COMMUNITY.
�-7-
IT IS NOT SO MUCH THE RADICAL INNOVATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AS
THE CHANGES IN HUMAN ATTITUDES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH WILL SHAPE THIS FUTURE.
IF WE
ARE TO BUILD A BETTER WORLD FOR OURSELVES AND OUR POSTERITY, WE MUST FIND OUR SALVATION, NOT IN MOTHER NATURE, BUT IN HUMAN NATURE.
IN THIS PERPETUAL QUEST YOU HAVE A VERY SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION TO MAKE.
THE GRADUATES OF THIS DISTINGUISHED UNIVERSITY JOIN THE COMPANY OF THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND THATt THOUGH OFTEN FLAWED, THE HUMAN PERSONALITY IS CAPABLE OF MIGHTY DEEDS.
THIS IS A FAITH WHICH ALL AMERICANS NEED.
PROSPERITY AND ESSENTIAL IN ADVERSITY.
IT IS A FAITH HELPFUL IN
WITHOUT THIS FAITH THE ASPIRATION.OF MEN TO
BE FREE MUST PERISH; WITH IT THAT ASPIRATION WILL FUEL A SURGE OF HUMAN ACCOMPLISHMENT
THAT WILL CAPTURE THE FUTURE AND MAKE IT OUR CWN.
�
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Title
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Suffolk University Records
Description
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The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
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Identifier
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SU-1846
Title
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Address of US Senator Edward W. Brooke, "A Context for Change," delivered at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Date
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15 June 1969
Source
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Suffolk University Records
Series SUE-001.001, Commencement Planning Files
Creator
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Brooke, Edward W. (Edward William), 1919-2015
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JPG
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tgn:7013445
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English
Subject
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Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Brooke, Edward W. (Edward William), 1919-2015
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Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Commencements
Suffolk University
-
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749fda4c96efd8aed3907b0e897efbe4
PDF Text
Text
And before I enter upon the message that I bring to you I wilh also to
expreas my deep appreciation of the priv11s~e of being with you at the celebration
of the 30th anniversary of your school.
I had been acquainted for some time wUh the
pioneering work in adult education that was being done at SUttolk Law 3chool, but it
is only recently that I have become familiar with the extent of your program, the
high standard.a that are rigidly followed, the feast of epportunities placed before
your students, and, most important of all, the pplendid record of service that atanda
in the achool 'a name through the accomplishments of its alumni.
Thirty year, is not
a long period in 1h• hi story of education in Maasachusetts, where the church came with
the settlers, indeed impelling them to settlement, and where the aohool followed the
church, but when these 1hirty years 1ee an experiment develop into a Tital educational
force, daily increasing in vigor and usefulness, then three decades stand proudly
by three centuries, and the benediction of lovers of truth ard knowledge and educaUoa-
al opportunity f alla upOn them.
Nor am I to forget
.tu,t
I speak not to such a group as I am accustomed to
address, youths in school, oaDiidates for arts and science degrees, but to stud.Erl.ti
who have qualified through special and intensive training for the legal profesaion.
!his is a re-commencement for mani of you, for you have been active and successful
in other fields of endeavor and have added, through utilisation of hours frequently
lost, to the mental tools with which you will attack the problems of tomorrow.
Heartily
do I congratulate you upon the attainment of your goal, and wiah you every success.
I stand in admiration of the thing you have done.
However, I was brought up in Phila-
delphia, ano:ng lhiladelphia lawyers, and if there is a oertain amoant of u:neasineaa
in my manner; if I look apprehens 1vely behind me from time to t 1me and seem uncomfort-
able with ao maey lawyers about, 1 t is because of that early experience and the
�'1
-2-
traditional reputation of the Philadelphia lawyer.
It is
my
understanding that your speakers of other year, have been men
of action in public and official life and the v.orld of affairs,
I come to you as
a scribe only, as one who lives in a house by the side of the road and observes,
the justification of our craft being our own tastes and the belief that for every
Johnson there should be a Boswell, that there is a service to be rendered in aett 1ng
down dispassionately the findings of historical research, in using the essence
of the experience of the past as a guide to the present, and in preserving intact
the spiritual heritage which descends to us from those
who
have gone before.
1.bat
the historian is, in modern parlance, Mon the spot", was admitted in the dawn of
lfbglish letters by t.be Venerable Bede,
who
saids
"The hard condition of the histor-
ian is that if he speaks the truth he provokes the anger of men; but if he commits
falsehoods to writing he will be unacceptable to God,
who will
distinguish in his
judgments between truth and adulation,"
Yet we can exchange the hair shirt which the Venerable Bede felt was the
inescapable garb of the historian for the view of a 100dern historian, John Clark
:Redpath, to whom the romantic, rather than the scientifically accurate, aspects of
his calling appealed,
Writing of history, he saidt
edge recede and sink to a lower plane.
"All other branches of knowl-
Poetry yields its palm, music its harp,
and art its chisel, to the superior claims of that serious and exalted lore in
which the deeds and hopes and sorrow, of the human race are imbedded."
~ere is no topio roore frequently on the lips of debaters of public
affairs in these troubled ~ s than the Constitution ot the United States - its
bearing upon extreme legislation and its defense against the eneroachments of those
who believe that the super-structure is of more importance than the foundation,
J.
League is formed for its protection; the forum; the preea; periodicals; the very
air are full of it; prayers daily ascend that the wi,aaom
am
strangth of the Sllpreme
�-3-
Court may be equal to the demands made upon it in the determination of the application of the Constitution to legislation covering new and untried fields.
!he man
in the street speaks of the Oonetitution with a new reverence; the reverence due
the very Ark of the Covenant, and there 1s abroad a conviotion, f61 t rather than
expressed, that nationally we have our baok to the wall, facing a changing world,
and that the wall at our back is the Constitution.
So it has seemed worthwhile to
me, enjoying your hospitality and your kindly welcome, to make the major part of
irw message to you a recalling to yo·xr mind of the turmoil and travail by whioh
we
came into posee•sion of this priceless dooument, the distillation of man's governmental wisdom gleaned throughout the agea, described by Gladstone thus,
".&a the
British Constitution is the most subtle organism which has proceeded from progress-
ive history, so the .Amerioan Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck
off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man."
We are likely to feel that the oriaes of recent years have produced political and social cleavages that will never be healed or forgotten.
I s~y to you that
in comparison •1th the boiling hatreds, the ma.as emotion, the irreconcilable viewpoints of 1776 and two decades later, our situation iod&l' is as the howling screech
of a tornado to the wailing of a babe.
We have now a stern duty to perform in
the defense of our national birthright, make no mistake, but history shOws us that
there is no cause for panic, am muoh reason for hopefulness.
Let us sees
1!he
thirteen colonies funotioned under the Articles of OOnfederation and the continental
Congresses from tha close of the P.evolution to the adoption of the Jed.era! constitu-
tion.
'!he general causes of diaeatisfaction with the Union under the J.rtiolea of
confederation are well known.
Washington, when about to resign the command of the
Continental Arrrq in 1783, addreaaed a circular letter to the governors of the $iates,
whioh
may
perhaps be best described as his first Farewell Address.
ferred to it as his "legacy" to his country.
He himaelf re-
Without dwelling overmuch upon the
�-4-
defects of the existing government, he aet forth four things which he declared to
be "essential to the well-being, I may venture to say, to the existence of the
United States, as an indepeDlent power."
'lbey were, first, an indissoluble union
of the $tatea under one federal head; second, a sacred regard to public justice;
third, a proper peace establishment; ani fourth, a pacific and friendly diapoaition among the people of the United States.
Washington warned his fellow countrymen in the most aolaL.:Il manner against
the dire consequences of continued failure -o maintain the authority of the general
government, to pay the debt incurred in the war, to provide for the common defense,
and
to put the general welfare above private and local interests.
During the next
six years, vbioh John Piske aptly termed "the critical period of Jmerioan history,"
Washington returned again and again in his correspondence to the need for a more
perfect Union.
Writing to John J93, in 1786, he declaredr
"I do not conceive we
oan exist long as a nation without having lodged -somewhere a power, which will
pervade the vilole Union in as energetic a manner as the authority of the ~tate
governments extends over the special States."
'1:le evils which moved Washington
to such profound discontent were universal - they W8re felt no less keenly in
lllaasachusetts than in Virginia.
the states as they pleased.
Oongresa, the symbol of union, was flouted by
Even the Peace Cormnissioners at Paris disobeyed Con-
gress and acted as 1hey deemed best in formulating peaoe terms.
When peace was
signed and the colonists turned back to the pursuits of earlier ~s, all the old
oormnercial rivalries, ail the former, bitter boundary dispites revived in full
vigor, and new quarrels arose over the cession of newly acquired territory, over
exports and import tariffs, over inter-oolonial trade, over everything that oould
possibly be a source of disagreement.
threatened.
'lhe very existence of the new nation was
1hen, as in every crisis in history, it was wisdom of the few which
saved the nation and brought order out of ohaoa.
No government oan function with.out money - 1 t is essential there as
�-6-
everywhere.
Under the Articles, Congress had no taxing power, but was entirely
. dependent upon reg_uisitions on the states.
If a state did not feel like honoring
the requisition, Congress had no way of enforcing its demands.
When Congress
sought to pay the war debt as it had agreed, albeit without distinct authority, to
do - Georgia, Delaware and South Carolina paid no heed to the request for funds.
·nie financial weakness of this ''government by supplication," as Gouverneur Morris
called it, was but one of its frailties.
It had no common, federal money system.
Fach state issued money of varying standards as it saw fit and in any arrount it
ohose.
In New libgland the shilling was worth about one-fourth of a dollar, while in
some of the southern states it was worth about one-tentji.
with practically no limit.
Paper money was issued
Loans and contracts ma.de in one state or another were
likely to be invalidated at any minute by some capricious piece of legislation.
gress had no control of tariffs on exports and imports.
,e,t
it thought
or nothing at all.
Con-
Fach state levied the amount
There was suspicion and fear in every one of
the states that some other state might win advantage.
Dlgland had refused to deal
with .American shipping, and when ll&ssaohusetts and two o tber New England ltatee,
angered at this discriminating legislation, closed their ports to British shipping,
Connecticut, their close neighbor, threw hers wide open and placed a tax on all
imports from a neighbor state.
New York and !hode Island behaved as selfhhly and
badly as the pettiest of human beings could do.
In !bode Island, with the shipping,
the carrying and the fishing industries almost crushed, there wa_s so little activity, or even apparent effort, that as one man says, "nothing was running except
the bars,"
And what oould this timorous, powerless body, Congress, do in the face
of such conditions?
It had no executive power, no courts, no money of its own, and
no oredit a~here.
Naturally there was no more respect abroad than at home for this pseudo
government.
When Congress was unable to PEW the war debt as it had agreed, England
made it the ezcuse for holding the lucrative fur trading posts of the Northwest, part
�-6-
ot her oess ion to the United States, and Cl>ngress could do no thing about it.
soaroely took the trouble to veil its contempt.
:atro:re
In Paris, Jefferson was told blandly
that there was no use in F.ranoe ma.king agreements with the United States, for the
States oould not fulfill them.
Jlohamnedan pirates of the North Atrioan States levied blackmail on any of
our ships that ventured to sail the Mediterranean.
New Orleans' Spanish GOvernor
announoed to the frontiersmen along the Mia1isaippi River that they might have tree
use of the river if they would renounce allegiance to the United States and recognize Spain as their government.
~sical suffering added its oomplicat ions.
to certain sections of the States.
\\al" brought extreme poverty
The soo.rce of much farmer wealth, in the carry-
ing •rade w 1th ::ehgland A?1d. the West Ind.lea and the great fishing industry, was praoti•
ally gone.
misery.
'lhe usual ghouls of food speculators added their efforts to the general
Riots were common in the States.
In New ~gland threats of secession were
heard and in some places a desire for return to monarohioal government was whispered
about.
Everywhere ran the spirit of suapioion, of enmity, of commercial rivalry and
hostility.
Anarchy threatened.
bad to be done.
On only one thing could the ,·ta tee agree.
Somethi?Jg
'lbe "Something" was done and the embryo nation was saved.
Jlaryland had been the last of the colonies to sign the gUoles ot Confederation, refusing to do so until the six states which had unfixed western boundaries
had agreed to oede their land lying between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi to
the "United States of America."
So this fragile, wobbly, unstable, poverty-struck,
little union owned a vast amount of valuable land and in some way or other it had to
be administered.
'lhe eta tes could not take back the land they had ceded and if the
.. United Sta tea" had a "national domain, tt it had to have some money to run it.
was this situation, handled with skill
It
bJ a few wise and far-sighted patriots, that
made our real union, the union for which men fought ani died, possible.
Settlers
were pouring in vast numbers in to this wonderfully rich land, which lay between the
m:>untains and the vast waters o £ the Missiseippi.
!pain oontrolled New Orleans, the
�-7-
outlet of the great river, and did all in her power to annoy am harass ·1he1e settler,
in their use of 1 ta waters.
'Jb.ey appealed to the "United SV3. tea" for protection ot
their in te:resta, but tm Federal government had no money to finance protection, and
no way to get any,
'lhis was one of the many oompl1cat1on1.
It had been proposed
to 19rmit Ck>ngreas to levy and collect a tax on all import, into the Clluntry, but
New York: was malting too muoh money herself in thi& way to give it_ up for the general
good, and as the oonsent of all the 1tate1 was requisite to amend the A.rticle1, tha\
plan fell through.
It was Washington who conceived a way out of the diff'icul ty.
He saw that the Potomao River was the natural means of access to the western lands.
He
mew,
however, that what affected the POtomac River, affected not only his own
state, Virginia, but Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Be
therefore p~opoaed to the Vir-
ginia Legislature that a meeting of the three states be called to consult on trade
relation, and regulations.
And as they met at Alexandria, someone proposed that
all the state, be invited to send delagates to a later meeting in hope that they
could all reach some agreement in commercial matters.
Bu.t
His suggestion was adopted.
when the time arrived, only :tive of the States eent representativea
to the meeting at Annapolis, November, 1785.
Among them, however, waa a young man
not yet thirty, born and bred in the West Indies and therefore without the jealous,
provincial view-po int whioh colored the opinions of mo st of the oi tizena of the
states.
Alexander Hamilton, representing New York, suddenly rose and proposed that
all the states be invited by Congress to send delagatea to Philadelphia, eighteen
months later (in May, 1787), for the purpose of making "provisions as should appear
to them necesaary to ra1der the Conati tution of the Jederal Govermnent adequate
to the exigemies of the Union. 11
None of the states wa, at all enthuaiastio over
the plan, but the fact that anarchy was steadily inoreasing am that the idol of
them all, George W&shington, agreed to come as delegate trom Virginia, influenced
them to promise to send representatives to Philadelphia.
And so the great J'ederal oonvention met in 1787.
the delegates were
�-8-
nervous and apprehensive, suapicio'll:s of eaoh other and tom between hope and tear.
'lb.ey knew that by them the Union wou.ld either be oemmted or dissolved.
'Jhey sat -
fifty-five men - from~ until the middle of September behind closed doors.
9l.Ef"
discussed their animosities, their grievances, the,ir enmities, gaining confidence
in eaoh other as they gained knowledge of each o th.er.
v.hen the seoond Monday of J,ay, 1787, the date for whioh the convention
was called, arrived, the only delegates to appear were those of Pennsylvania a:rii
Virginia.
.A.t the end of two weeks no others arrived except those from Delaware and
New Jersey.
i'inally twelve St?:. tee were represented, and 1 t became one of the moat
meIIX>rable assemblies the world has ever known.
Bhode Island did not elect delegate,.
John Bach MoMa.ater gives an interesting account ot Vlashington•s arrival in Philadelphias
"At ab.ester he was met by the Speaker of the Assembly a.nd by ma?\V' of the
first characters of the place and escorted to May's Perry.
horse met his carriage and accompanied him into town.
~ere the city light-
It was the evening of Sllnday,
the thirteenth, yet the most straitlaced forgot their devotions, poured out of their
houses, and, as the little cavalcade moved down the streets of the city, every
church bell sent forth a joyous din, and every voice sent up a shout of welcome to
the American Fabius.
His first act was a graceful tribute to genius and worth,
for he went with all haste t? pay his respects to Franklin, who then filled the
-
chair of President of the Commonweal th of Pennsylvania.
'DJ.is
over, ltobert MOrris
oarried him home to his house."
By
a una.aimous vote Washi~ton was called to the chair.
was ma.de Secretary.
Major Jaokson
!he convention sat in seoret because of the fear
of
the dt.a.tea·
in losing their sovereignty am of the· citizens of their infringement of individual
liberties.
'lhe journals were deposited in the cusody of the president, General
washington, as, if suffered to be made publio, unjust use
w:,
uld be ma.de of them
by those opposed to the adoption of the Constitution.
Professor Charles Warren, in his book "Congress, the Constitution,
am
�-9-
the Supreme Court", ha1 written,
"It is well known that historians - American, English
and foreign - have long agreed that no political assembly ever contained a larger proportion of members possessing high character, intellectual ability, political sagacity,
and far-sighted statesmanship."
~
jure the Philadelphia convention was revolutionary, and the Constitution
was drafted as the first step in a coup d'etat.
Patriots of the type of Patrick Henry
declined eleotion to the Philadelphia·convention, and subsequently opposed the Constitution.
It is more than doubtful that the Philadelphia convention could be held
were 'lhomas Jefferson not abroad at the time.
'!he convention was as revolutionary
and as radical from a purely constitutional point of view with reference to the
A.rtioles of Confederation as would be a oonvent ion to overturn the present Constitution of the Uni tad States.
Some of the delegates elected to the Ibiladelphia
convention, including Lansing of New York, went home when the oonvent1on resolved
itself into a body to draft a new constitution rather than to propose amendments
to the Articles of Confederation, which was 1he function assigned by Congress.
Twenty-
two of sixty-one delegates elected did not sign the Constitution, including aJIDng
these El.bridge Gerry of Massachusetts and Wmund Randolph of Virginia.
phia Convention was not a harmonious body.
'!he Philadel-
'lb.ere were wide differences of feeling
among the colonists and these were reflected by their representatives in Philadelphia.
In the body of the Oons ti tu tion there are evidences of the compromises whiah were
necessary to ha.nnonize tb9se difficulties.
As
a matter of fact, throughout the meet-
ing of the Constitutional Convention and almost up to its final adjournment the opinion
prevailed in the body outside that agreement was substantially impossible.
Letter,
from the statesmen of the period to their friends i:r.dicate almost despair.
:Most or
the members of the oonvention were relatively young men and Newton D. Baker has
suggested that the body might be regarded as our first ttBrain Trust.'!
was present a man more than 80 years old
who
Bllt there
sat sagely through the disputes and
oontroversies of his younger associates and every now and then, with some captivating bit of humor, or, in very grave controversies, with a sentence of solemn pr~er,
�-10oalled them baok to the business in hand.
In the heat of one of these controversies,
franklin said, ttGentlemen, we were sent here to oonfer, not to contest with one
another".
A viewpoint that now seems to us unique was introduced by the Massachusetts
delegation, which proposed that the number of representatives from the new States,
whioh would be formed in the western territories, sb:>uld be so limited as never to
exceed the number from the original thirteen.
Gerry,
who
seemed most concerned at
the danger from the expected growth of the West, feared that the westerners, if they
acquired power, would "like all men" abuse it.
"Th8J' will oppress commerce," he
declared, "and train our weal th into the Western country. tt
ihen Sherman pointed
out that the western settlers would be their own children and grandchildren, Gerry
replied that ttthere was a rage for emigration from the Fastern States to the Western country and he did not wish those remaining behind to be at the mercy of emigrants.
Besides foreigners are resorting to that country·, and it is uncertain what turn
things may take there."
Gerry was supported by King, but his motion was rejected
by the Convention, five States against four.
'lbe State• s:>uth of the POtomao were
solidly against the proposal, evidently expecting to gain more than they would lose
by the ezpected emigration.
And so the frontier was happily left to exert whatever
influence in American politics its inhabitants might fairly ~laim.
Gorham, of Massachusetts, at best was not sanguine concerning the future
of the Union.
answer)a
On one occasion he put the question (manifestly expecting a negative
"Can it be supposed that this vast oountry, inoluding the Western territory,
will 150 years hence remain one nation?"
But
his ready allusion to the prospect of
disunion, if the camnerc.e power were 1Do much fettered by 11ml ta tions and restraints,
reveals the intensity of the feeling which these sectional oontroveraies provoked.
Ist us turn to some of the debate in the convention
the thought of a few of the delegates.
day
•o gain an idea of the trelil.
of
J'reah from the rough an::l tumble of our present
legislative halls, the language in many instances will sound stilted and fcrmal,
�-11-
although direct enough on occasion.
June 30, 17871
Mr. Bedford, of Delaware is speaking, on Saturday,
"That all the states at present are equally sovereign and independent,
has been asserted from every quarter of this house.
Our deliberations here are a
confirmation of the position; and I ~ add to it, that eaoh of them aot from interested, and
from ambitious motives.
many
Look at the votes whioh have been given on
the floor of this house, and it will be found that their numbers, wealth and local
views, have actuated their determinations; and that the larger states proceed as
· if our eyes were already perfectly blinded.
Impartiality, with them, is already
out of the question - the reported plan is their political creed, and they support
it, right or wrong.
Even the diminutive state of Georgia has an eye to her future
wealth and greatness - South Carolina, puffed up with the possession of her wealth
and negroes, and North Carolina, are all, fran different views, united with the
great states.
And these latter, although it is said they can 11ever, from interested
viewa, form a coalition, we find closely united in one scheme of interest and ambition, notwithstanding they endeavor to amuse ua with the purity of their principles
and the rectitude of their intentions, in asserting that the general government mu~t
be drawn from an equal representation of the people.
are never wanting.
Pretences to support ambition
'lheir o-ry is, where is the danger? And they insist that altho
the powers of the general govemment will be.increased, yet it will be for the good
of the whole;
am
although the three great states fonn nearly a majority of the
people of America, they never will hurt or injure the lesser states.
gentlemen, trust
zm.
_ljg_ not,
If you possess the power, the abuse of it oould not be
checked; and what then would prevent you trCJJ1 exercising it to our destruction?
You gravely allege that there is no danger of combination, and triumphantly ask,
how could oombinatione be effected?
"'lhe larger statas, n you say, "all differ in
productions and canmerce; and experience ahowa that instead of combinations, they
would be rivals, and co1l?lteraot the views of one an:>ther,"
language calculated only to a.muse us.
1bis, I repeat, is
Yes, sir, the larger states will be rivals,
�-12-
but not against eaoh other - they will be rivals against the rest of the states.
But
1t is urged that suoh a government w:>uld suit the people, and that its prinoiples are
equitable and just.
How often has this argument been refuted, when applied to a
federal govemment.
the small states never oa.n agree to the Virginia plan; and why
then is it still urged?
But it is said that it is not e%peoted that the state govern-
Imnts will approve the ·proposed system, and that this house must directly oarry it
to THE PEOPLE for their approbation!
Is it oane to 'this, then, that the sword must
decide this oontroversy, and that the horrors of war must be added to the rest of our
misfortunes?
:a:a.t what have the people already aaid?'We find the oonfederation defect-
ive - go, and give additional powers to the oonfederation - give to it the imposts,
regulation of trade, power to collect the taxes, and the means to discharge our foreign and domestio debts.•
points?
As
Can we not, then, as _their delegates, agree upon these
their ambassadors, can we not olearly grant those powers? Wh1' then,
when we are met, must entire, distinct, and new grounds be taken, and a government,
of which the people had no idea, be instituted?
And are we to be told, if we 10n't
agree to it; it is the last moment of our deliberations?
Is~, it is indeed the
last moment, if we do agree to this asswnption of power.
The states will never
again be entrapped into a measure like this.
'!he people wl 11
~
the small sta·tes
would confederate, and grant further powers to congress; but you, the large states,
would not.
justify us.
'.lb.en the fault will be yours, and all the nations of the earth will
But what is io beoome of our public debts if we dissolve the union?
Where .is your plighted faith?
left unmolested?
~
t!!!.h§n.d.
Will you crush the smaller states, or must they be
sooner than be ruined, there
™
foreign powers .!!!Q. :!.ll.,l
~
y
I say not this to threaten or intimidate, but tli&t we should reflect
seriously before we aot.
If we once leave this floor and solemnly renounce your
new project, what will be the oonsequenoe? You will annihilate your _federal government, and ruin must stare you in the faoe.
Let us then do what is in our power -
amend and enlarge the oonfederation, but not alter the federal system.
1he people
�-13expeot this, and no more.
We all agree in the neoessity of a more effioient govern-
ment - and cannot this be done?
Al though my state is small, I know and respeot its
rights, as muoh, at least, as those wb> have the honor to represent any of the larger
states."
To this Mr. King, of Massachusetts, made replys
those
who wish
"I am in sentiment with
the preservation of state governments; but the general govenunent may
be so constituted as to effect it.
Let the conati tut ion we are about forming be
considered as a cormniaaion under which the general government shall act, and as such
it will be the guardian of the state righta.
the rights of SOotla.nd are secure from
all danger and encroachments, although in the parliament she has a small representation.
Ua.y not this be done in our general government,
Since I am up, I am concerned
for what fell from the gentleman from l>elaware - 'Take a foreign power b;.r the ha.ndl'
I am sorry he mentioned it, and I hope he is able to excuse it to himself on the score
of passion.
Whatever may be
my
distress, I never will court a foreign power to assist
in relieving myself from it."
A. letter from Elbridge Gerry to James Madison, dated Philadelphia, June 11,
1787, shows the anxiety that pressed upon the mind and heart of that gentleman as
he sat in those grave cCJlllloila a "'l'he Convention is proceeding in their arduous
undertaking with eleven states under an injunction of seoreoy on their members the object of this meeti~ is very important in II\V mind - unless a system of government is adopted by compact, Force I expect will plant the standard, for such an
anarchy as now exists cannot last long.
Gentlemen seem to be
impressed with the
necessity of establishing some efficient system, and I hope it will secure
181
against domestic as well as foreign invasions ...
When Benjamin Franklin had almost given up hope of a successful termination
of the efforts of the convention, he used the following language in addressing the
«relegateu
••we have gone baok to ancient history for models of government and exam-
ined the different forms of those republics, which, having been formed with the seeda
of their own dissolution, now no longer exist, and we have viewed modern states all
�-14round Europe, but find none of their constitutions suitable to our oircumstancea."
He then suggested appealing t.o}the :rather of Light to illumine their understandings.
He saids
"I have lived a long time, and the longer I live the more convincing
proofs I see of this truth, that GOd governs in the affairs of men.
We have been
assured in the sacred writings that except the Lord build the house they labor in
vain that build it.•
~e appeal and the high standard of Dr. Franklin prevailed.
While the name of God does not appear in our federal Constitution, as it does in the
~flower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation,
the lpirit of Jehovah, of justice, mercy, liberty, and brotherly love, as expressed
by the Master, are evident throughout the document.
Washirgton and Franklin watohed with keenest anxiety the progress of events.
~ey had been identified with every aiep of progress that the colonies ha.d made in the
last twenty years and they wall knew that ttie action of this convention meant either
the final crown of hopes or the fulfillment of all fears.
Washi~ton struck the key
note of the Convention when, rising from his president's chair, he declared in a voice
husky with suppressed erootion, "It is too probable that no plan we propose will be
adopted.
Perhaps another dreadful conflict is to be sustained.
If, to please the
people, we offer what we ourselves disapprove, how oa.n we afterward defend our work?
Let us raise a standard to vtiich \he wise and t~e honest oa.n repair; the event is in
the hand of God.••
When the great document was at last drafted and was all prepared for signature,
the aged Franklin produaed a paper, whioh was read for him, as his voice was weak.
follows 1
"Sir• I agree to this Cons ti tut ion, with a 11 1ts faults, if they are suoh,
because I think a general government necessary for us, and there is no
form of government but what may be a blessing to the people, if well administered; and I believe, further, that this is likely to be well administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism, as other
forms have done before it, when t.he people shall become so corrupted as
to need despotic government, being incapable of any other. I doubt, too,
whether any other convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better
Constitution. For when you assemble a number of men, to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with thoae men all
their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their looal
interests, and their selfish views. It therefore astonishes me, sir,
It
�-15-
to find this system approa.ahing so near to perfection as it does; and
I think it will astonish our enemies, wlx> are waiting with confide~e
to hear that our counsels are confounded, like those of the builders of
Babel, and ended in separation, only to ~aet, hereafter, for the purpose
of cutting one another's throats."
Janes Wilson, of whom the historian, Governor Samu.el
w.
Pennypacker, of
Pennsylvania, said "he was the most learned lawyer in the convention, and perhaps,
more than any other merJi>er, effected the results reached," added his comment to that
of Franklin when he said:
11
After a lapse of 6,000 years _since the creation of the
world, America now presents the first instance of a people assembled to weigh deliberately and to decide leisurely and peaceably, upon the form of government with which
they will bind themselves and their posterity." ·To Franklin, who for thirty-three
years had been trying to fonn sane federal uhion of the thirteen colonies, it was
the supreme moment of his eighty~one years.
As the meeting broke up he said, pointing
to the back of the chair in whioh W&shington had sat and on which was carved a gilded
half sun, .. As I have been sitting here all these weeks, I have often wondered whether
yonder sun was rising or setting.
Now I know that it is a rising sun."
'Die process of ratification was not easy or unanimous except in the ama.11
states of Delaware and New Jersey, and by Georgia, none of them self-reliant from
long experience with demooraoy.
In Pennsylvania the order for a constitutional con-
vention was rushed through an expiring legislature, lest the next one eeleoted by the
people be opposed; the vote against the Constitution in Pennsylvania was one-third
of the membership.
opposition.
Connecticut was ccmplaisant, but Massachusetts was militant in
'lbe vote in Massaohuaetts was 187 to 166, the victory a triumph for the
political ambitions of Adams and Hancock; had districts opposed to the Constitution
sent delegates to vote no, instead of refusil'€ to send delegates at all as a protest,
the Massachusetts convention vrould have rejected the ())nsti tut ion.
state, voted 63-11 for the Cons ti tut ion.
73, a.s did New Hampshire, 57-46.
Maryland, a small
South Carolina fought the battle out, 140-
The struggle in Virginia was worthy of a common-
wealth that produce,J a ".iashi:ngton, 119.diso.n and !~tlrshall supported the Constitution;
�-16-
Patrick !Ienrj and Randolph opposed it; Jefferson was anti-federalist, and abroad.
1
single vote oast by Governor Collins in Rhode Island
t:)
'fue
break a tie and order a con-
vent ion had its parallel in Virginia, where ti."1-:le Governor, who had been hostile to the
Constitution, was persuaded overnight b:r the pleadings of Washington to change his
attitude and cast a favoring vote.
Patriok Henry fought valiantly against ratification,
and then, noble warrior that he was, was equally vigorous in sustaining the Constitution.
In New York the opposition of l}Overnor Clint on went down before tra eloquence
of .Alexander Hamilton.
'lhere was a glorious opposition to the Constitution, and greater
glory in the good feeling with vtlioh the contest ended.
No state need feel shame for
standing with the opposition, includit¥s as it did great Americans.
But this recital of things we have known and perhaps forgotten has served
its purpose if it has reminded us of the faot that we gained this Constitution that is
the bulwark of our liberties through suspioion, distrust, selfishness, struggle, threats
of war, obstruction, delays, ref~sals to compromise, and finally, by the graoe of
God, through the conquering of diametrioally opposite views in a final determination
to stand or fall in the 1 igh t of 1-iberty and in the strength of union.
From the past we come again to our problems of the present.
We have in our
public servioe and available for it men and women of high vis ion, wi. o realize that the
American plan is oapa.ble of indefinite expansion to meet the situations of world dislocation in eoonomios, in sooial concepts, in politioa.l experiments.
We had an example
of its operation in what was termed tta noble experiment" in our 18th .Amendment, and
its subsequent ranoval from the frame-work of the Constitution.
Regardless of what
you or I think, history will write whether the experiment or the people working it
lacked in nobility - the point is that we have an instrwnent strong and everlaatingly
dependable that stands and must stand between us and undemooratio influences, between
us and demagoguery, between us and diotatorship.
All that we need do is to keep from
despair because foes arise; all that is demanded of us is that we bring to its preservation the fidelity, breadth of viewpoint, and dauntless courage of those who gained
�-17it for us.
'lhe great room has in its center tablets of stone, on which.are graven the
rules (the law) by which men live together.
Around the walls of that room history
has hung great murals, whioh show why man oame to out those rules upon the stone
tablets.
Study the stones until weary, JI\V friends, an:i then lift your eyes to the
walls, to the murals of history that give their meaning, yea, their enduring strength,
to the stones.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Document
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Dublin Core
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Identifier
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SU-1847
Title
A name given to the resource
Address of Winfield Scott Downs, "Some Historical Aspects of the Constitution," delivered at the 1936 Suffolk University Law School commencement
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
10 June 1936
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Suffolk University Records
Series SUE-001.001, Commencement Planning Files
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Downs, Winfield Scott, 1895-
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Documents
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Language
A language of the resource
English
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Downs, Winfield Scott, 1895-
Suffolk University--Law School
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright is retained by the creators of items in this collection, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Commencements
Suffolk Law School
Suffolk University
-
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The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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8
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Faculty process down Temple Street for the First Baccalaureate Exercises
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Universities and colleges--Faculty
Streets--Massachusetts--Boston
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ/004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 1
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
13 June 1937
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0023
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Boston street scenes
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
Suffolk University Firsts
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
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911
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1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A student receiving her degree at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
African American college students
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ/004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
15 June 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0058
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Black history
Campus diversity
Commencements
Events
Students
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
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721
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1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University student in a Navy uniform taking an oath at the 1969 commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
College students
Veterans
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
15 June 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0115
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Commencements
Events
Students
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
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8
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797
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1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Dean John E. Fenton, Jr., Suffolk University President John E. Fenton (1965-1970), and unidentified priest at the 1969 commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Fenton, John E.
Fenton, John E., Jr.
Graduation ceremonies
College presidents
Universities and colleges--Faculty
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
23 February 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0133
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Faculty
Suffolk Presidents
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
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1000
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730
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student in a wheelchair receives her degree at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
28 September 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0153
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Campus diversity
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
736
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ellen Fulham receiving degree from her father President Thomas A. Fulham (1970-1980) at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Fulham, Thomas A.
Fullham, Ellen
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
15 June 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0154
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Commencements
Events
Suffolk Presidents
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
719
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Patricia Boynton receiving degree from Dean Donald W. Goodrich (CAS) at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Goodrich, Donald W.
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Universities and colleges--Faculty
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
23 February 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0155
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
802
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
View of the audience at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
28 September 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0156
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
800
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Overhead view of the audience at the 1969 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 11
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
23 February 1969
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0159
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
720
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student receives her degree at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0172
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
720
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Sara Wasserman receives her degree from Dean Donald R. Simpson (Law) at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Wasserman, Sara
Simpson, Donald R.
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0173
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Faculty
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
1000
Width
733
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Two women shake hands at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0174
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
730
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Graduate Patricia I. Brown (center) talks with attendees at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Brown, Patricia I., 1931-
Women college students
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0175
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
730
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student receives degree from Dean Michael R. Ronayne (CAS) at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Ronayne, Michael R.
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0200
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Faculty
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
798
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Massachusetts Governor Frank Sargent receiving honorary degree at the 1971 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Sargent, Francis W., 1915-1998
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 16
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
13 June 1971
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0243
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
700
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
US Senator Edward M. Kennedy receives an honorary degree at the 1964 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore), 1932-2009
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 7
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1964
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0266
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
736
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student receiving her diploma from Dean Donald Grunewald at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Women college students
Grunewald, Donald
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0303
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
808
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Student processional into the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Suffolk University--Alumni and alumnae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
29 September 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0305
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Alumni
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
806
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
View of audience (from the stage) at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0318
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
806
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
View of the audience and dignitaries on stage a the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
14 June 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0331
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
1000
Width
806
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
James H. Ottaway Jr. speaks from the podium at the 1970 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Ottaway, James H.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 14
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
22 February 1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0342
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Class of 1970
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University
-
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be294ca94da063964d9c80ee975d4e8e
Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
698
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A graduate poses with President Dennis C. Haley, his family and faculty at the 1961 Suffolk University commencement
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Haley, Dennis C.
College presidents
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 5
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
18 June 1961
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0365
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Faculty
Suffolk Presidents
Suffolk University
-
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Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
802
Width
1000
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Suffolk University Records
Description
An account of the resource
The Suffolk University Records collection covers all aspects of the university's history and development from 1906 to today. The materials include: Presidents' records, photographs, audio and video recordings, memorabilia, and university publications. Learn more about the <a href="https://www.suffolk.edu/academics/libraries/moakley-archive-and-institute/collections/records-of-suffolk-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collection</a> at our web site.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
1962 Suffolk University commencement ceremony at the Boston Hatchshell
Subject
The topic of the resource
Suffolk University
Graduation ceremonies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Duette Photographers
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Series SUJ-004.04 Special Materials: Photographs: Events, Box 6
Suffolk University Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
17 June 1962
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyright Duette Photographers. This item is made available for research and educational purposes by the Moakley Archive & Institute. Prior permission is required for any commercial use.
Relation
A related resource
Find out more about our collections on <a href="http://www.suffolk.edu/explore/24550.php">our website</a>.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Photographs
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SU-0366
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
tgn:7013445
Commencements
Events
Suffolk University